The article presents a comparative analysis of national policies of the USSR and Manchukuo towards Jewish people for the first time in the Russian historiography. The author uses the NKVD documents in which the Jewish emigration in Manchuria was portrayed as white emigration, and the Japanese intelligence considered as a resource for intelligence activity against the USSR. The Japanese determined on the creation of a national Jewish autonomy in Manchukuo, on the basis of the Jewish emigration, to oppose the Jewish autonomy in the Far East of the USSR.